In this episode (Part 3/3) Shahriar discusses methods for generating a pulse-width-modulated (PWM) signal entirely in the analog domain by employing operational-amplifiers (Op-Amps). A total of four op-amps from a single power supply are used in unity-gain negative feedback, astable positive feedback, integrator and open-loop comparator configurations. The theory of operation as well as measurement are also presented. This episode also includes a quiz. Please post your answers in the comment section.

As a final experiment, an ignition coil is used to generate in excess of 20k volts! The combination of the PWM circuit and the ignition coil provides a stand-alone fully analog high voltage power supply.

In this episode (Part 2/3) Shahriar discusses methods for generating a pulse-width-modulated (PWM) signal entirely in the analog domain by employing operational-amplifiers (Op-Amps). A total of four op-amps from a single power supply are used in unity-gain negative feedback, astable positive feedback, integrator and open-loop comparator configurations. The theory of operation as well as measurement are also presented. This episode also includes a quiz. Please post your answers in the comment section.

As a final experiment, an ignition coil is used to generate in excess of 20k volts! The combination of the PWM circuit and the ignition coil provides a stand-alone fully analog high voltage power supply.

In this episode (Part 1/3) Shahriar discusses methods for generating a pulse-width-modulated (PWM) signal entirely in the analog domain by employing operational-amplifiers (Op-Amps). A total of four op-amps from a single power supply are used in unity-gain negative feedback, astable positive feedback, integrator and open-loop comparator configurations. The theory of operation as well as measurement are also presented. This episode also includes a quiz. Please post your answers in the comment section.

As a final experiment, an ignition coil is used to generate in excess of 20k volts! The combination of the PWM circuit and the ignition coil provides a stand-alone fully analog high voltage power supply.

In this episode (Part 4/4) Shahriar takes a look at the challenges associated with signal generation for the purposes of timekeeping. More specifically he digs deep into the workings of crystal oscillators and even takes apart some vintage crystals to reveal whats inside! He also shows how this type of circuits can be characterized and compares the performance of a crystal oscillator with that of a ring oscillator under temperature and power supply variations.

In this episode (Part 3/4) Shahriar takes a look at the challenges associated with signal generation for the purposes of timekeeping. More specifically he digs deep into the workings of crystal oscillators and even takes apart some vintage crystals to reveal whats inside! He also shows how this type of circuits can be characterized and compares the performance of a crystal oscillator with that of a ring oscillator under temperature and power supply variations.